Scandium and Yttrium
Sc Scandium 21 44.956 [Ar]4s23d1 thortveitite 0.05 ty-1 16 ppm
Latin Scandia = Scandinavia 1879 L.F. Nilson, Uppsala, Sweden
Y Yttrium 39 88.90 [Kr]5s24d1 xenotime 5 ty-1 30 ppm
after Ytterby in Sweden 1794 J. Gadolin, Åbo, Finland
isol. 1839 G.C. Mosander, Stockholm, Sweden
Lanthanides
La Lanthanum 57 138.905 [Xe]6s25d1 monazite/bastnaesite 8400 ty-1 32 ppm
Greek lanthanein = to lie hidden 1839 G.C. Mosander, Stockholm, Sweden
Ce Cerium 58 140.115 [Xe]6s25d14f1 monazite/bastnaesite 9400 ty-1 68 ppm
after asteroid Ceres (disc. 1801) 1803 J.J. Berzelius, W. Hisinger, Vestmanland, Sweden
isol. 1839 G.C. Mosander, Stockholm, Sweden
Pr Praesodymium 59 140.907 [Xe]6s24f3 monazite/bastnaesite 1000 ty-1 9 ppm
Greek prasios didymos = green twin 1885 Baron C. Auer von Welsbach, Vienna, Austria
Nd Neodymium 60 144.24 [Xe]6s24f4 monazite/bastnaesite 2900 ty-1 38 ppm
Greek neos didymos = new twin 1885 Baron C. Auer von Welsbach, Vienna, Austria
Pm Prometheum 61 145 [Xe]6s24f5 synthetic (fission of 235U) mgs 0 ppm
Greek Prometheus (stole fire from Gods) 1945 J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin, C.D. Coryell,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
Sm Samarium 62 150.36 [Xe]6s24f6 monazite/bastnaesite/ 100 ty-1 8 ppm
samarskite
after mineral samarskite 1879 P-E. Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Paris, France
Eu Europium 63 151.965 [Xe]6s24f7 xenotime/bastnaesite/ 100 ty-1 2 ppm
monazite
after Europe 1901 E-A. Demarçay, Paris, France
Gd Gadolinium 64 157.25 [Xe]6s25d14f7 xenotime/monazite 100 ty-1 7 ppm
after J. Gadolin (Finnish Chemist) 1880 J-C. Galissard de Marignac, Geneva, Switzerland
Tb Terbium 65 158.925 [Xe]6s24f9 xenotime/monazite 100 ty-1 1 ppm
after Ytterby in Sweden 1843 G.C. Mosander, Stockholm, Sweden
Dy Dysprosium 66 162.50 [Xe]6s24f10 xenotime/monazite 100 ty-1 5 ppm
Greek dysprositos = hard to obtain 1886 P-E. Lecoq de Boisbaudrau, Paris, France
Ho Holmium 67 164.93 [Xe]6s24f11 xenotime 100 ty-1 1.5 ppm
Latin Holmia = Stockholm 1878 P.T. Cleve, Uppsala, Sweden
Er Erbium 68 167.26 [Xe]6s24f12 xenotime 100 ty-1 3.5 ppm
after Ytterby in Sweden 1842 G.C. Mosander, Stockholm, Sweden
Tm Thulium 69 168.93 [Xe]6s24f13 xenotime 100 ty-1 0.5 ppm
Thule = ancient Scandanavia 1879 P.T. Cleve, Uppsala, Sweden
Yb Ytterbium 70 173.04 [Xe]6s24f14 xenotime/euxenite 100 ty-1 3 ppm
after Ytterby in Sweden 1878 J-C. Galissard de Marignac, Geneva, Switzerland
Lu Lutetium 71 174.967 [Xe]6s24f145d1 xenotime 100 ty-1 0.5 ppm
Latin Lutetia = Paris 1907 G. Urbain, Paris, France
Actinides
Ac Actinium 89 227 [Rn]7s26d1 pitchblende mgs ?? ppm
Greek aktinos = ray 1889 A. Debierne, Paris, France
Th Thorium 90 232 [Rn]7s26d2 monazite/uranothorite 31000 ty-1 3.1 ppm
Thor, Scandinavian god of war 1829 J.J. Berzelius, Stockholm, Sweden
Pa Protactinium 91 231.03 [Rn]7s26d15f2 decay of 235U gs trace
Greek protos = first 1913 K. Fajans, O Göhring, Karlsruhe, Germany
1917 O. Hahn, L. Meitner, Berlin, Germany
F. Soddy, J.A. Cranston, A. Fleck, Glasgow, Scotland
U Uranium 92 238.03 [Rn]7s26d15f3 pitchblende (uraninite) 107 ty-1 3 ppm
carnotite
after planet Uranus 1789 M.H. Klaproth, Berlin, Germany
isol. 1841 B. Peligot, Paris, France
Np Neptunium 93 237.05 [Rn]7s25f5 bombardment of 238U with 1n kgs
after planet Neptune 1940 E.M. McMillan, P. Abelson, Berkeley, Ca., USA
Pu Plutonium 94 244 [Rn]7s25f6 bombardment of 238U with 2H 100 ty-1?
after planet Pluto 1940 G.T. Seaborg, A.C. Wahl, J.W. Kennedy, Berkeley, Ca., USA
Am Americium 95 243 [Rn]7s25f7 bombardment of 239Pu with 1n kgs
afterAmerica 1944 G.T. Seaborg, R.A. James, L.O. Morgan, A. Ghiorso, Chicago, USA
Cm Curium 96 247 [Rn]7s25f76d1 bombardment of 239Pu with 4He gs
after Pierre & Marie Curie 1944 G.T. Seaborg, R.A. James ,A. Ghiorso, Berkeley, Ca., USA
Bk Berkelium 97 247 [Rn]7s26d15f8 bombardment of 241Am with 4He mgs
after Berkeley, USA 1949 S.G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, G.T. Seaborg, Berkeley, Ca., USA
Cf Californium 98 251 [Rn]7s25f10 bombardment of 242Cm with 4He mgs
after Berkeley, USA 1950 S.G. Thompson, K. Street Jr., A. Ghiorso, G.T. Seaborg, Berkeley, USA
Es Einsteinium 99 254 [Rn]7s25f11 in debris of thermonuclear explosion mgs
after Albert Einstein 1952 G.R. Choppin, S.G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, B.G. Harvey, Pacific
Fm Fermium 100 257 [Rn]7s25f12 in debris of thermonuclear explosion ugs
after Enrico Fermi 1952 G.R. Choppin, S.G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, B.G. Harvey, Pacific
Md Mendelevium 101 258 [Rn]7s25f13 bombardment of 253Es with 4He a few atoms
after Dmitri Mendeleyev 1955 A. Ghiorso, B.G. Harvey, G.R. Choppin, S.G. Thompson, G.T. Seaborg, Berkeley, Ca., USA
No Nobelium 102 259 [Rn]7s25f14 bombardment of 246Cm with 12C a few atoms
after Alfred Nobel 1958 A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J.R. Walton, G.T. Seaborg, Berkeley, USA
Lw Lawrencium 103 259 [Rn]7s25f146d1 bombardment of Cf with 10,11B a few atoms
after Ernest Lawrence 1961 A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A.E. Larsh, R.M. Latimer, Berkeley, USA