Scandium, Yttrium & the Lanthanides in Positive Oxidation States

Element Configurations I1 I2 I3 I4 I1+I2+I3 Edeg./V r(M³⁺) [[Delta]]Hhyd [[Delta]]Hf Edeg./V Halides Edeg./V Halides

M²⁺ M³⁺ M⁴⁺ kJmol^-1 (M³⁺/M) pm (M³⁺(g)) (M(g)) (M³⁺/M²⁺) MX2 (M⁴⁺/M³⁺) M^IV

Sc Scandium 21 3d¹ [Ar] 631 1235 2389 7089 4255 -1.88 74 - 378 - - - -

Y Yttrium 39 4d¹ [Kr] 616 1181 1980 5075 3777 -2.37 90 - 421 - - - -

La Lanthanum 57 5d¹ [Xe] 538 1067 1850 4819 3455 -2.52 104 - 431 - - - -

Ce Cerium 58 4f² 4f¹ [Xe] 527 1047 1949 3547 3523 -2.48 101 -3370 420 - - 1.74 CeF4,K2CeF6,

Cs2CeCl6

Pr Praesodymium 59 4f³ 4f² 4f¹ 523 1018 2086 3761 3627 -2.47 100 -3413 357 - - 2.9 PrF4,K2PrF6

Nd Neodymium 60 4f⁴ 4f³ 4f² 530 1035 2132 3899 3697 -2.44 98 -3442 327 - all but - Cs3NdF7

NdF2

Pm Prometheum 61 4f⁵ 4f⁴ 536 1052 2152 3966 3740 -2.42 97 -3478 300 - - - -

Sm Samarium 62 4f⁶ 4f⁵ 543 1068 2258 3994 3869 -2.41 96 -3515 207 -1.5 all - -

Eu Europium 63 4f⁷ 4f⁶ 547 1085 2404 4110 4036 -2.40 95 -3547 177 -0.35 all - -

Gd Gadolinium 64 4f⁷5d¹ 4f⁷ 593 1166 1990 4245 3749 -2.30 94 -3571 398 - - - -

Tb Terbium 65 4f⁹ 4f⁸ 4f⁷ 565 1112 2114 3839 3791 -2.39 92 -3605 389 - - 2.9 TbF4,K2TbF6

Dy Dysprosium 66 4f¹⁰ 4f⁹ 4f⁸ 572 1126 2213 4001 3911 -2.35 91 -3637 290 - all but - Cs3DyF7

DyF2

Ho Holmium 67 4f¹¹ 4f¹⁰ 581 1139 2204 4101 3924 -2.32 90 -3667 301 - - - -

Er Erbium 68 4f¹² 4f¹¹ 589 1151 2194 4115 3934 -2.30 89 -3691 316 - - - -

Tm Thulium 69 4f¹³ 4f¹² 597 1163 2285 4119 4045 -2.28 88 -3717 232 -2.3 all but - -

TmF2

Yb Ytterbium 70 4f¹⁴ 4f¹³ 603 1176 2415 4220 4194 -2.27 87 -3739 156 -1.1 all - -

Lu Lutetium 71 4f¹⁴5d¹ 4f¹⁴ 524 1341 2022 4360 3887 -2.25 86 -3760 428 - - - -