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STRUCTURES OF SIMPLE INORGANIC SOLIDS
Dr M.A. Hayward
Michaelmas Term - First Year
Lecture 1. Fundamental Aspects of Solids &
Sphere Packing.
- Review. Why study solids? Some crystallographic ideas;
lattice (lattice types), motif (basis), crystal structure,
unit cell (counting atoms in unit cells), fractional coordinates,
coordination number. Representations of structures - Perspective
(Clinographic) and Projection (Plan) diagrams. Close-Packing
of spheres; hexagonal close packing (hcp), cubic close packing
(ccp). Structures of metallic elements. Interstitial sites
in close-packed arrangements.
Lecture 2. Descriptions of Simple 'Ionic' Structures.
- Ions and ionic structures. 'Ionic' structures derived
from occupancy of interstitial sites in close-packed structures.
Structures described as linked polyhedra. Descriptions of
some common structures; NaCl, Na2O (CaF2),
ZnS (Zinc Blende), (complex ion variants), NiAs, ZnS (Wurtzite),
CdI2 (CdC12), CsCl.
Lecture 3. Rationalization of 'Ionic' Structures.
- Principles of Laves. Ionic model: Pauling's rules. Radius
ratio rules. Lattice Energy - Madelung constants. Structure
Maps. Specific Interactions stabilising some structures
(e.g. NiAs, PbO, PdO, NH4F). Directed
Bonding/Covalency/Polarization - trends in dimensionality.
Fajan's rules / Ketelaar's triangle / Mooser-Pearson &
Phillips-van Vechten plots.
Lecture 4. Oxide Structures & Networks.
- Oxide Structures: TiO2 (Rutile), ReO3,
CaTiO3 (Perovskite), La2CuO4,
Nd2CuO4, YBa2Cu3O7
(high-Tc s uperconductors). Connectivity - Topological
approach to structures; rings, chains, polyhedra and nets
- e.g. non-metallic elements, silicates {inc. SiO2
(b-Cristobalite)}.
Internet: http://www.ncl.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/structure_of_solids/strucsol.html
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introductory Accounts of Structures of Solids-
L. Smart, E. Moore, Solid State Chemistry,
2nd Ed., Chapman and Hall, 1995, Ch. 1 (an excellent overview)
D.F. Shriver, P.W. Atkins, C.H.Langford, Inorganic
Chemistry, 3rd Ed., OUP., 1999, Ch. 4 (brief and simple)
J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter, R.L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry,
4th Ed., HarperCollins, 1993, Ch. 4
B.E. Douglas, D.H. McDaniel, J.J. Alexander, Concepts
& Models of Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed. Wiley, 1994,
Ch. 5
Especially Recommended Texts:-
D.M. Adams, Inorganic Solids, Wiley, 1974, esp. Ch.
1-5 (An excellent book, sadly out of print)
A.R. West, Solid State Chemistry, 2nd Ed., Wiley,
1999, p. 14-65 or Solid State Chemistry, Wiley, 1984, Chs.
7, 8
U. Müller, Inorganic Structural Chemistry, Wiley,
1993, Chs. 2, 6, 10, 11, 13-16 (Useful supplementary info.)
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, 1st Year Practical,
Structures of Simple Inorganic Solids
http://neon.chem.ox.ac.uk/Course/inorganicsolids/
Other Texts:-
A.F. Wells, Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Ed.,
OUP., 1984, (Classic, comprehensive reference book)
R.C. Evans, An Introduction to Crystal Chemistry, 2nd
Ed., CUP., 1966 (Very clear diagrams of structures)
F.S. Galasso, Structures and Properties of Inorganic
Solids, Pergamon, 1970 (Crystallographic info.)
J.K. Burdett, Chemical Bonding in Solids, OUP, 1995
(Advanced Discussion of Pauling's Rules)
J.K. Burdett, J.R. Rodgers, Structure & Property
Maps for Inorganic Solids, in ed. R.B. King, Encyclopedia
of Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley, Chichester, 1994, Vol. 7,
p. 3934-3952 |
