Michael Burt

The Burt laboratory applies mass spectrometry imaging and ultrafast laser spectroscopy to observe molecular dynamics over femtosecond timescales. This cross-disciplinary approach combines fundamental explorations of photochemistry with recent advances in particle sensors and ionization techniques, and is accessible to students interested in physical or computational chemistry, chemical physics, computer science and biochemistry. Examples are provided below:

Coulomb Explosion Imaging

Structural dynamics reveal molecular behaviour that can be used to direct reactions or create chemical devices. They are conventionally measured using absorption spectra, which characterize molecules according to the light they absorb at different frequencies. Spectra are observed over time to follow a reaction. However, molecules do not necessarily absorb light at easily accessible frequencies, meaning that important reaction steps are often inaccessible. 

Coulomb explosion imaging (CEI) opens the exciting possibility of observing such chemistry directly. CEI uses an intense and ultrafast laser pulse to quickly remove binding electrons from a molecule through field ionization, leaving a highly charged ion that explodes into fragments due to Coulomb's law. Measuring and correlating the relative velocities of these fragments as a function of time allows the shape of the molecule before the explosion to be reconstructed at different stages of a reaction. 

Projects in this area focus on initiating photochemistry and probing the resulting dynamics by CEI. Figure 1 illustrates a typical example where the C-I bond distance of CH₂BrI is probed following its photolysis at 272 nm. The I and CH₂Br co-fragments are initially close together, leading to significant electrostatic repulsion following ionization. The greater separation at later times results in less kinetic energy, creating a 'Coulomb curve' that represents the bond dissociation.  Modeling this curve reveals the excitation of the CH₂Br fragment and the C-I bond length.

This research is aimed at observing complete reactions for more complex processes, particularly as they pass through short-lived intermediates and transition states that are of fundamental importance for controlling reactivity.

Covariance Analysis

The emission directions of Coulomb explosion fragment ions can be correlated using covariance or coincidence analysis to identify structural isomers and chiral features. Figure 2 illustrates this for two C₆H₃F₂I isomers. In these examples, the relative ion emission angles of the I⁺, F⁺, and H⁺ fragments are rotated into a common recoil-frame, where the I⁺ emission angle is set to 0°.  The distributions of the F⁺ and H⁺ fragments relative to I⁺ therefore provide information on the original bond angles of the equilibrium structures and allow isomers to be unequivocally assigned.

Projects in this area include applying covariance analysis in conjunction with time-resolved CEI to follow structural dynamics, and developing methods for three-body correlations involving ions and electrons. 

Selected Publications

Further information on the above topics can be found in the following publications:

1.    'Time-resolved site-selective imaging of predissociation and charge transfer dynamics: the CH3I B-band', J. Phys. B 53, 224001 (2020)

2.    'Gas-phase structural isomer identification by Coulomb explosion of aligned molecules', J. Chem. Phys. 148, 091102 (2018).

3.    'Coulomb-explosion imaging of concurrent CH2BrI photodissociation dynamics', Phys. Rev. A 96, 043415 (2017).

4.    'Three-fold covariance imaging of laser-induced Coulomb explosions',  J. Chem. Phys. 144, 161105 (2016).